Mainly expressed in the production process, feed, feces, feathers, and dander are difficult to be avoided producing large amounts of PM ( Shen et al., 2018). Because of the limitations of the rearing environment, poultry house air composition varies considerably from the atmospheric composition.
‘I assert, and expect no disagreement, that more than 90% of lung diseases are either initiated by or at least aggravated by inhalation of particles and gases ( Brain, 1996).’ The role of particulate matter (PM) in initiating or exacerbating lung disease has become progressively better known. Therefore, this review summarizes the characteristics of PM in the poultry house and the impact of poultry PM on respiratory disease and proposes potential pathogenic mechanisms. Specifically, PM can induce the respiratory disease through several toxic mechanisms, including ammonia ingestion and bioaccumulation, lung flora dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders. The latter two modes of influence are more harmful. In terms of pathogenesis, there are three ways to explain this phenomenon: Inhaled PM irritates the respiratory tract, decreases immune resistance, and causes a respiratory disease respiratory tract irritation by compounds presents in PM infections with pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms attached to PM. However, the pathogenic mechanism of PM in poultry houses on respiratory diseases has not been clarified due to its complexity and lack of accurate assays. High concentrations of PM induce poultry respiratory inflammation and trigger various diseases. Given its large specific surface area, PM can adsorb and carry a variety of pollutants, including heavy metal ions, ammonia, and persistent organic pollutants such as pathogenic microorganisms. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the essential environmental stressors for the poultry industry in the world.
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